5. Franchising
6. Legal issue
7. EDI
8. Internet
Manufacture ® Wholesalers ® Retailers ® Consumers
Manufacture ® Retailers ® Consumers
Manufacture ® Consumers
3. Distribution intensity Back to Top
Manufacturer: Quality & Target
Channel Practice: Coordination efforts & Retailer Support
Retailer requirements: Contractual restriction & Retailer involvement
Variables: Distributors, Multi channels & Brand sales volumes
4. Multiple channels Back to Top
Channel conflicts
Contractual vertical distribution channel
Exclusive territory arrangement
Categories
Level
Gray market
Market: Uncertainty, Volatility, Customer heterogeneity
Price/Distribution: Mass Marketing, Price umbrella, Volume discount, Return policy
Supply: Glut /Shortage
Typical cases:
Within a market: Channel flow diversion, Bootlegging
Across a market: Parallel importation, Reimportation